正視三高年輕化 遠離不可逆轉惡果

2024-03-15

三高問題包括高血脂、高血壓及高血糖(糖尿病),令人聞之色變;而香港人平均50歲開始便有三高問題,因此被謔稱為「老人病」,但時移世易,衛生署的全港《人口健康調查》顯示,在15歲至84歲人口中,竟有高達50%以上的人有超重及肥胖的問題,另接近九成人口鹽攝取量過多,健康指數超標,亦意味著三高問題同步惡化與年輕化,情況令人擔憂。1內分泌及糖尿科專科醫生丁昭慧醫生指出,雖然年輕人患有三高問題可能與遺傳有關,但主因卻是肥胖、不良的飲食習慣和缺乏運動。2-5

初期沒症狀 容易耽誤病情

「年輕人有三高問題,基本上其症狀跟年紀大的患者沒分別 - 就是初期沒有症狀,直到有各種不同症狀、感覺不適時,代表併發症已出現,所以三高才被稱為“隱形殺手”。」丁醫生舉例說明,如血糖已達甚高水平,患者才會出現口乾、疲累、經常有尿意等症狀;6如血糖已影響腎功能,則會有小便多泡、腳腫等症狀;7如手腳麻痺,則代表身體已受影響引致神經病變,更嚴重的甚至可能引發心臟病發、中風等。8,9

自恃年輕 拒信患病事實

丁昭慧醫生指出,正因三高被認為是長者的「專利」,年輕人自恃年輕,即使出現症狀,都認為三高問題不會找上自己,拖延良久至症狀明顯,才驚覺事態嚴重而前往求醫。「三高年輕化,對年輕人影響甚為深遠;試想像一些本來因三高引起、多發生於中年或老年人身體上的問題,如腎臟病變、中風、視網膜病變等併發症,提早了二十至三十年出現,患者正值人生黃金時間,卻因健康問題對日常生活及工作都構成極大影響,嚴重甚至令其壽命縮短。」

丁昭慧醫生憶述令她印象深刻的年輕人三高個案,該患者於25歲時已患上糖尿病,體形肥胖、有吸煙習慣並缺乏運動,但卻拒絕覆診,對患病採取愛理不理的態度,直到35歲時體重暴跌才再次求醫,發現患者不單血糖指數暴升,身體亦出現多種糖尿病併發症症狀,包括足部發黑並失去知覺、眼睛出現視網膜病變、心血管亦開始出現問題,血壓與膽固醇亦嚴重超標,情況相當嚴重。

藥物配合改善生活習慣 療效相得益彰

「年輕人一旦出現三高問題,一定要改善生活方式,以堅持規律運動、均衡飲食、控制體重為原則,加上藥物治療,才是年輕人處理及治療三高問題的正確方法。」丁醫生指出,良好生活習慣,包括飲食上實行「三低一高」,即低鹽、低糖、低油、高纖;少進食紅肉、精緻澱粉質食物,多攝取纖維、有益脂肪等15;養成適量運動習慣、戒煙及減少飲酒、以及充足睡眠15;而藥物治療的好處,在於有機會快速控制三高至安全水平,並降低相關併發症風險;「控制三高的藥物,包括各類降血壓藥物、降低血液中低密度膽固醇的他汀類藥物及膽固醇吸收抑制劑,以及可管理體重和降血糖的糖尿病藥物15;很多年輕三高患者不想服藥,希望以天然方法,循生活習慣改善三高,但年輕而有三高問題,代表著有機會比其他患者,早二十年甚至三十年出現併發症,及早以藥物治療,愈早控制三高,效果越佳。」

談到有人對藥物治療有抗拒心態,是擔心長期服用相關藥物,會對肝、腎等內臟造成一定負擔,丁醫生解釋指,每種藥物都有安全系數作參考,而且有大型數據支持,降低罹患三高併發症風險,經專科醫生處方下,患者無需過分憂慮,而且一旦停藥,有可能使三高指數重新提高,再度增加罹患併發症風險。

預防為上 勤驗三高指數最穩妥

最後,丁醫生提醒,預防勝於治療;應從小培養良好的生活習慣,保持適量運動(世衛建議成年人每週進行至少150-300分鐘的中等強度的有氧體力活動,可選擇走路、游泳等),維持均衡飲食,控制體重,戒煙,睡眠充足,平常多作舒壓活動15,22;由於初期三高沒有任何徵狀,建議最長三年一次定期身體檢查,如本身屬於過重(體重指標BMI超過或等於23)、或家族有糖尿病史,則建議一年一次身體檢查,了解自身健康狀況有否變化,以策萬全23;如身體出現任何疑似症狀,更應馬上求醫,詳細檢驗,因早期三高問題,可透過適當治療而逆轉,更能大大減少將來產生併發症的機會。

 

內分泌及糖尿科專科醫生 丁昭慧醫生

 

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HK-ATO-110087 Feb 2024